Difference Between 12th Century and 13th Century Gothic Art
Gothic Art
Gothic art developed after the Romanesque, in the 12th century. The style connected to exist used well into the sixteenth century in some parts of Europe, while giving style to the Renaissance style earlier in some regions.
Learning Objective
Draw the economic and political reasons that led to the development of the Gothic style
Primal Takeaways
Key Points
- An increased population of cities in France, besides as a strengthened French monarch, contributes to the development of the Gothic style.
- The well-nigh expressive medium for the Gothic style is architecture, specifically, Cathedrals.
- While the Gothic style was developed in Northern French republic, it spread throughout Europe where different regional styles were adopted.
Key Term
- Book of Hours: A common type of illuminated manuscript that was created for personal devotion and independent a collection of texts, prayers, and psalms.
Gothic art developed after the Romanesque, in the 12thursdaycentury. The manner continued to be used well into the 16th century in some parts of Europe, while giving way to the Renaissance mode earlier in other regions. The manner was developed in Northern France due to socioeconomic, political, and theological reasons.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, people fled cities as they were no longer rubber. The Romanesque era saw many people living in the countryside of France while cities remained largely abased. During this time menstruum, the French monarchy was weak and feudal landowners exerted a big amount of
regional ability. In the 12thcentury, the French royalty strengthened their power, their titles, and their landholdings, which led to more centralized government. Additionally, due to advancements in
agriculture, population and merchandise increased. These changes brought people back to the cities, which is where we find the most expressive medium for the Gothic mode—cathedrals.
Gothic Architecture
Gothic architecture is unique in that we can pinpoint the verbal place, the exact moment, and the exact person who developed it. Around 1137, Abbot Suger began re-edifice the Abbey Church of St. Denis. In his re-designs, which he wrote about extensively, we tin meet elements of what would become Gothic architecture, including the utilize of symmetry in blueprint and ratios.
Ratios became essential to French Gothic cathedrals because they expressed the perfection of the universe created past God. This is where we also see stained glass sally in Gothic architecture. Abbot Suger adopted the idea that light equates to God. He wrote that he placed pictures in the glass to supplant wall paintings and talked about them as educational devices. The windows were instructional in theology during the Gothic era, and the lite itself was a metaphor for the presence of God.
Cathedrals served as religious centers and they were important for local economies. Pilgrims would travel throughout Europe to see relics, which would bring an influx of travelers and coin to cities with Cathedrals.
Ambulatory at St. Denis: We can see the Gothic style emerge at St. Denis in Abbot Suger's re-designs.
While the Gothic style was developed in Northern French republic, it spread throughout Europe where different regional styles were adopted. In England, for example, cathedrals became longer than they were tall and architects in Italy typically did not incorporate stained drinking glass windows in the manner that the French did.
Gothic Painting
Illuminated manuscripts provide excellent examples of Gothic painting. A prayer volume, known as the book of hours, became increasingly popular during the Gothic age and was treated every bit a luxury particular. The Hours of Mary of Burgundy, produced in Flanders c. 1477, contains a miniature showing Mary of Burgundy in devotion with a wonderful depiction of a French Gothic Cathedral behind her.
Miniature from The Hours of Mary of Burgundy: This piece contains a miniature showing Mary of Burgundy in devotion with a wonderful depiction of a French Gothic Cathedral behind her.
Sculpture & Metalwork
Sculpture during the Gothic era really sheds light on the cognition of artists working during this fourth dimension menses. Some historians believed that artists and artisans during the Gothic era had "forgotten" how to create realistic works of art, or art influenced by the classical age. Still, a viewer only needs to look at the work of Nicolas of Verdun to come across that artists could and did work in a classical style during the Gothic era. Additionally, sculpture produced in Germany during the Gothic era is especially noted for its lifelikeness.
Shrine of the Three Kings at Cologne Cathedral: The metalwork by Nicolas of Verdun demonstrates his knowledge and understanding of classical elements in fine art.
Gothic Cathedrals
French Gothic cathedrals are characterized past lighter structure, large windows, pointed arches, and their impressive height.
Learning Objective
Evaluate the structure and symbolism of the French Gothic cathedral
Key Takeaways
Central Points
- French Gothic cathedrals were characterized by lighter construction and large windows.
- The pointed arch was the defining architectural feature of Gothic structure.
- Tiptop is enhanced by both the architectural features and the decoration of the building.
- All blueprint elements of Gothic cathedrals are intended to pay homage to and bring attending to the Celebrity of God.
- The western entrance to the Cathedral is typically the master bespeak of entry and therefore the nearly elaborate facade.
- Stained drinking glass adds a dimension of colour to the light within the edifice, also as providing a medium for figurative and narrative fine art.
Cardinal Terms
- Ogival: Having the curved, pointed shape of a Gothic pointed arch, or a rib of a Gothic vault.
- Lancet Arch: A sharp pointed arch used in doors and windows, etc.
- Gothic Architecture: A way of architecture that flourished during the high and belatedly medieval period; it evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance compages.
- Jamb: The vertical components that grade the sides of a door frame, window frame, or fireplace, or other opening in a wall.
- Blind Arcade: A serial of arches, often used in Romanesque and Gothic buildings, that has no bodily openings and has no load-begetting function, and that is practical to the surface of a wall equally a decorative element.
- Nave: The middle or torso of a church, extending from the transepts to the primary entrances.
The Gothic cathedral represented the universe in microcosm, and each architectural concept, including the height and perfect ratios of the structure, were intended to convey a theological bulletin: the great celebrity of God and his creation of a perfect universe. The building becomes a microcosm in two ways. First, the mathematical and geometrical nature of the construction is an image of the orderly universe, in which an underlying rationality and logic can be perceived. Second, the statues, sculptural ornamentation, stained drinking glass, and murals contain the essence of creation in depictions of events from the Erstwhile and New Testaments.
Most Gothic churches have the Latin cross (or "cruciform") plan, with a long nave making the body of the church. This nave is flanked on either side by aisles, a transverse arm called the transept, and, beyond information technology, an extension referred to as the choir.
I of the defining characteristics of Gothic architecture is the pointed or ogival curvation. Arches of this blazon were used in the Well-nigh E in pre-Islamic as well as Islamic architecture before they were structurally employed in Gothic architecture. They are thought to have been the inspiration for their use in France at the Autun Cathedral, which is otherwise stylistically Romanesque. The way in which the pointed arch was drafted and utilized developed throughout the Gothic period, and iv popular styles emerged: the Lancet arch, the Equilateral arch, the Flamboyant arch, and the Depressed arch.
Autun Cathedral, ca. 1120-46: Outside of Autun Cathedral, showcasing the pointed arches of the Gothic style on an otherwise Romanesque building.
The Gothic vault, unlike the semi-circular vault of Roman and Romanesque buildings, can be used to roof rectangular and irregularly shaped plans such as trapezoids. This enabled architects to heighten vaults much higher than was possible in Romanesque architecture. While the apply of the pointed arch gave a greater flexibility to architectural grade, information technology likewise gave Gothic compages a very unlike and more vertical visual characteristic than Romanesque compages.
In Gothic architecture the pointed arch is used in every location where a vaulted shape is called for, both structurally and decoratively. Gothic openings such equally doorways, windows, arcades, and galleries have pointed arches. Rows of pointed arches upon fragile shafts form a typical wall decoration known equally a blind arcade. Niches with pointed arches that comprise bronze are a major external feature. The pointed arch lent itself to elaborate intersecting shapes, which developed complex Gothic tracery inside window spaces and formed the structural back up of the large windows that are characteristic of the manner.
Cantankerous-ribbed vault, Bonne-Espérance Abbey, Vellereille-les-Brayeux, Kingdom of belgium, ca, 13th century: Ogival, or pointed arches, increased in popularity in the Gothic period.
The façade of a large church building or cathedral, oft referred to as the Westward Front, is by and large designed to create a powerful impression on the approaching worshiper. In the arch of the door (the tympanum) is frequently a meaning sculpture representing scenes from Christian Theology, near frequently Christ in Majesty and Judgment Twenty-four hour period. If there is a central door jamb or a tremeau, and so it frequently bears a statue of the Madonna and Child.
The Westward Front of a French cathedral, along with many English language, Spanish, and German cathedrals, generally has two towers, which, peculiarly in France, express an enormous diverseness of class and ornamentation. A characteristic of French Gothic church building architecture is its height, both accented and in proportion to its width, the verticality suggests an aspiration to Heaven. As the Gothic Age progressed in France, the different towns and cities may have been in contest with one another to create the tallest Cathedral. Architects too closely guarded the ratios they used in their architectural plans.
Interior of Cologne Cathedral: The verticality demonstrated in this image is a definitive feature of Gothic architecture.
Another one of the most distinctive characteristics of Gothic compages is the expansive surface area of windows and the large size of the many individual windows. The increase in the apply of large windows during the Gothic period is directly related to the use of the pointed arch, the ribbed vault, and the flying buttress. All of these architectural features absorbed the weight of the structure, which had rested on the walls in Romanesque architecture. Since the walls had less weight to support, thanks to these innovations, architects were able to pierce the walls of the structures with windows without risking the structural soundness of the cathedral.
Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/introduction-to-gothic-art/
0 Response to "Difference Between 12th Century and 13th Century Gothic Art"
Post a Comment